While there are no regulatory exposure limits outside of the workplace for hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), there are exposure guidelines to which our monitoring data will be compared. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) has established an acute Minimal Risk Level (MRL) for H2S. A MRL is an estimate of the daily human exposure to a hazardous substance that is likely to be without appreciable risk of adverse health effects over a specified duration of exposure.¹ 

The Acute MRL for continuous exposure from 1 day to 14 days is 0.07 parts per million (ppm), which is equal to 70 parts per billion (ppb). The daily monitoring reports will show one day (24 hour) time-weighted averages in parts per billion (ppb). [The first four reports were reported in ppm, but have been re-published in ppb.]

Part per billion (ppb) equivalents are shown on this page because other data related to this investigation has been expressed in these units. It is critical that the units of measurement between monitoring results and the exposure guidelines match. For example, both should be in either parts per million (ppm) or parts per billion (ppb).  It is easy to convert one to the other. 1 ppm = 1000 ppb, so to go from ppm to ppb, multiply by 1000; and to go from ppb to ppm, divide by 1000.

It is important to understand units of measurement when looking at monitoring results. A part per billion (ppb) is the equivalent of a penny in a ten million dollars. See Table 1. Below for a perspective. 

The instruments being used can measure down to 1 part per billion (ppb) up to 10 parts per million (ppm). 

The odor threshold range for hydrogen sulfide is 0.0005 to 0.3 ppm (0.5 to 300 ppb). 

Additional exposure guidelines: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) were developed by the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances. These levels represent exposure limits for the general public for periods of time ranging from 10 minutes to 8 hours. Three levels – AEGL-1, AEGL-2 and AEGL-3 are established for each of five exposure time periods shown in the table below. Values are shown for concentration in both ppm and ppb. 

Hydrogen Sulfide²

Classification	10 min	30 min	1 hour	4 hour	8 hour
AEGL-1 (Nondisabling)	0.75 ppm 750 ppb	0.60 ppm 600 ppb	0.51 ppm 510 ppb	0.36 ppm 360 ppb	0.33 ppm 330 ppb
AEGL-2 (Disabling)	41 ppm 41000 ppb	32 ppm 32000 ppb	27 ppm 27000 ppb	20 ppm 20000 ppb	17 ppm 17000 ppb
AEGL-3	76 ppm 76000 ppb	59 ppm 59000 ppb	50 ppm 50000 ppb	37 ppm 37000 ppb	31 ppm 31000 ppb

---

¹ATSDR Toxicological Profile on Hydrogen Sulfide: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp114-a.pdf 
²AEGL for Hydrogen Sulfide: https://www.epa.gov/aegl/hydrogen-sulfide-results-aegl-program

How do I Interpret the Daily Reports?

At the top of each daily report you will find the date and the 24-hour time period for each report (midnight to midnight). 

Notes about the monitoring period will be put below the table.  For example if a monitor failed (could be a battery issue or an issue with a sensor) or if an error was made in a report, this section will contain an explanation of the correction. 

A map with locations of the facility as well as monitor locations. There will be a description of the prevailing wind direction during the monitoring period just before the charts. 

Monitors take a reading every 3 seconds - that is the Number of Readings. A detect is defined as a measurable concentration during one of those 3 second readings.  There are columns in the report for number of readings and number of detections. 

The graph below shows a peak around 1:30 AM at ~50 parts per billion.  The 30-minute average level at which health effects are expected is 600 ppb (0.6 ppm) (See AEGL-1 description on the monitoring landing page.)  The 70-ppb red line is not a health standard but is a level that indicates further investigatory actions are warranted. The peak concentration recorded about 7PM exceeded the level of the 70 ppb Standard, but for less than an hour. 

The red line is the 24-hour exposure guideline to which monitoring results are compared.  Exposure guidelines have two components, concentration AND time. See the Acute Exposure Guideline table on the air monitoring page for exposure guidelines over shorter time periods. 

While we have seen brief periods of time with concentrations above the red line at several locations, we have not come close to exceeding the guideline over the time period used for comparison. The 70 ppb is an acute Minimum Risk Level (MRL) set by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as a level that warrants additional investigation should it be exceeded.

Wind Forecast - through September 27, 2021

General weather pattern discussion (through Monday):
We should see mostly sunny skies throughout the 3-day period, as high pressure will be in control of the Carolinas. With the wind profile expected to be light throughout the period, the odor from the New Indy Containerboard facility should impact the vicinity of the property.

More specific discussion related to winds and odor in the vicinity of New Indy:  

For Saturday, 25 Sept: 
Winds should be light early. Then, we should see the wind direction be generally from the west in the afternoon at around 3-5 mph. This should impact areas to the east of the facility.

For Sunday, 26 Sept:
Winds should be light early, then blow from the west to northwest in the afternoon at speeds of around 5 mph. This should bring the odor from the facility to neighborhoods east to southeast of the facility. 

For Monday, 27 Sept:
Winds should be from the southwest at around 5 mph.  This should bring the odor from the facility to neighborhoods northeast of the facility.
                      
Due to calm winds each night throughout this forecast period, areas immediately surrounding the facility could be affected by the odor. 

The next update will be on Monday, 27 Sept (for Tuesday, 28 Sept).
 

DHEC Daily Reports

EPA Reports

• May 2021 Reports - Combined
• June 2021 Reports - Combined